Dear Customer,
We sincerely invite you to visit CPHI Japan 2024. This will be an excellent opportunity to showcase new pharmaceutical technologies and products. We look forward to your visit to discuss the development and future trends of the industry.
Exhibition Time: April 17-19, 2024
Exhibition Hall Address: EAST HALLS 4,5&6 TOKYO BIG SIGHT TOKYO JAPAN
Our booth number: HALL 4 | 4X-32
Looking forward to meeting you！
Dear Customer,
We will participate in the SEMICON SOUTHEAST ASIA 2024 in May and sincerely invite you to visit. The show will provide you with a great opportunity to learn more about our latest products and solutions, as well as a great time to meet face-to-face with our team.
Exhibition Date: May 28-30.2024
Venue: Malaysia International Trade and Exhibition Center（MITEC）
We look forward to your visit and sharing our latest achievements and technological innovations with you. If you have any questions or require further information, please feel free to contact us.
Thanks!
Best Regards
Dear Customer,
Hello! We sincerely invite you to visit the ExpoElectronica 2024 . This exhibition will bring together top companies and experts in the global electronics industry to showcase the latest technologies and products. We will also be showcasing brand new purification equipment and filters.
Participating in the exhibition will provide you with an excellent opportunity to communicate with industry leaders and learn about new market trends and developments. At the same time, you will also have the opportunity to establish new cooperative relationships and expand your business network.
Time: April 16-18, 2024
Address: International Exhibition Center Crocus Expo, 16,18,20 Mezhdunarodnaya street,Krasnogorsk 143402 Moscow Region,RUSSIAN FEDERATION
BOOTH NO: Pavilion2 HALL9 E5055
We look forward to your visit and discussing with you the future development of clean air environment in the electronics industry.
good luck!
Sincerely
Is high efficiency filter leakage rate test: ≤0.01% necessary?
What is the acceptance criterion for HEPA filters?
Most test standards regarding the acceptance criterion for HEPA filter leak rates state that the acceptable leak limit is ultimately determined by the customer and supplier. However, for many applications using HEPA filters or different levels of cleanroom, most adopt a scan test leak criterion of ≤0.01%. Although 0.01% leak rates have been used historically and their origins are related to the accuracy of early photometer test equipment, using a 0.01% leak rate criterion as the acceptance criterion without a scientific and risk-based assessment will lead to problems associated with leak testing and may result in significant operating costs if an over-limit or failure is found in a low-risk area. Filters are not 100% retaining and particles near the MPPS are expected to penetrate the filter partially or entirely. When using lower-level HEPA filters, the factory-performed acceptable leak rate criterion for particles at or near the MPPS may be equal to or greater than the acceptance criterion for field leak rate testing, and testing acceptance criteria becomes more controversial and difficult. This is especially true in areas where leaks may occur. Therefore, when purchasing filters, it is important to consider the filter rating and how it will be tested after installation to avoid unnecessary field test failures.
ISO 14644-3 [33] provides guidance on how to implement alternative leakage criteria. In a risk-based approach, the ideal acceptance criterion is one that reflects the efficiency of the filter used or the cleanliness of the room being tested. ISO 14644-3 uses the factory filter efficiency rating as the basis for negotiating the acceptance criterion. The leakage acceptance criteria for photometric leak testing and particle counter-based leak testing should be the same because the theory and methodology behind both methods are the same. If performed properly, leak tests using a photometer and a particle counter will give the same leak rate results (Meek et al., 2011 [121]).
If the detected leakage exceeds 0.01% of the upstream concentration, it is generally considered that the leakage rate exceeds the maximum permissible standard.
However, for filter systems with an overall efficiency MPPS ≥ 99.95% and less than 99,995% (such as H13 filters), the acceptance standard is 0.1%. If a filter system with an overall efficiency of less than 99.95% MPPS is to be tested, a different acceptance standard is required, depending on the agreement between the customer and the supplier.
Importance of High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters (HEPA) and Leak Detection Methods and Standards
Cleanrooms require air filters to prevent contaminants from entering the cleanroom through their HVAC systems. Cleanrooms are controlled environments where the control of temperature/humidity, pressure, and particulate matter is critical for optimal operational performance. Cleanrooms are designed based on the cleanliness required for a specific process. In the semiconductor industry where microchip manufacturing is performed, air filtration has a higher efficiency because microchips are very sensitive to particles, especially small particles that get wedged between the conductive circuits on the wafers when the wafers are handled.
High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters (HEPA), these filters are very effective in contamination control. They filter particles as small as 0.3 microns and are widely used in pharmaceutical facilities. ULPA (Ultra High Particulate Air Filters) filter particles below 0.12 microns and are widely used in semiconductor equipment.
Importance of Filters in Cleanrooms
Managing Contamination Control in Cleanrooms through Several Activities High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters or UPLA Filters play a vital role in cleanrooms. High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters must be as efficient as 99.97% penetrating particles, 0.3 microns. This efficiency rating is given by the U.S. Department of Energy to qualify as a true HEPA filter.
HEPA Filter Specifications
As defined by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) standards adopted by most U.S. industries, the minimum resistance or pressure drop a HEPA filter presents to airflow is usually specified at 300 Pascals (0.044 psi) across the filter diameter.
Specifications used by the European Union: European Standard EN 1822-1:2009 defines categories of HEPA filters by their retention at a given most penetrating particle size (MPPS).
According to GMP, filters must be leak-free. This is verified by qualification and periodic leak testing according to ISO 14644-3. Recommended Practices for HEPA Filter Construction, Performance, Labeling, and Certification are maintained by the Institute of Environmental Sciences and Underwriters Laboratories (UL). Key requirements include:
■ IEST-RP-C021 “Testing HEPA and ULPA Media, which governs requirements for filter media
■ IEST-RP-CC001 “High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters and Ultraparticulate Air Filters”, governs overall filter construction and labeling requirements
■ IEST-RP-C034 “HEPA and ULPA Filter Leak Testing, for HEPA and UL PA filter penetration (leakage) testing
■ Testing and certification to UL900 flammability requirements
■ American Standard MIL-STD-282
Other testing standards include:
■ ISO 14644-3 Test Method – Qualified Persons Used During Installed Filter Leakage Testing
■ ISO 29463 (2017) – High Efficiency Filters and Filter Media for Removal of Airborne Particles
■ ISO 16890 (2017) – Air Filters for General Ventilation
■ PIC/s PI 032-2 GMP Guide
■ EN1822 used by HEPA/UPA filter manufacturers
High efficiency filter testing is a key technology and an important step to ensure a safe working environment and improve air quality. Filter test data is more effective in formulating a more scientific maintenance and replacement plan for customers.
KLC high efficiency filter testing program:
1. Smoke test
During the testing process, we use advanced instruments and technology to accurately measure the filter's capture rate of particles of different sizes and control a variety of environmental variables.
2. MPPS test
Comprehensively analyze the filter's performance under high flow conditions to ensure it can effectively maintain good air quality and system efficiency in actual use.
3. DOP Test
Used to verify the performance of filters in capturing fine particles of dirt, especially in fields such as pharmaceuticals, electronics and aviation where air quality is extremely high. This test uses DOP aerosol to accurately simulate the filtering effect of fine particles in actual working environments.
The purpose of controlling the pressure difference of each clean room in a pharmaceutical factory is to ensure that when the clean room is working normally or the balance is temporarily disrupted, the air can flow from the area with high cleanliness to the area with low cleanliness, so that the cleanliness of the clean room is not disturbed by polluted air. Clean room pressure difference control is an important part of the design of the purification air conditioning system of the clean room of a pharmaceutical factory, and it is an important measure to ensure the cleanliness of the clean area. The clean room pressure difference control chapter of the "Clean Room Design Specification" GB50073-2013 (hereinafter referred to as the "Clean Specification") includes 5 contents, all of which are clauses for clean room pressure difference control. Article 16 of the "Good Manufacturing Practice for Pharmaceuticals" (revised in 2010) requires that the clean area must have a device to indicate the pressure difference.
Clean room pressure difference control is divided into 3 steps:
The first step is to determine the pressure difference of each clean room in the clean area;
The second step is to calculate the pressure difference air volume of each clean room in the clean area to maintain the pressure difference;
The third step is to take technical measures to ensure the pressure difference air volume of the clean room and maintain the constant pressure difference of the clean room.
1. Determine the pressure difference of each clean room in the clean area
According to the requirements of Article 6.2.1 and Article 6.2.2 of the "Clean Specification", a certain pressure difference must be maintained between the clean room and the surrounding space, and the positive or negative pressure difference should be maintained according to the production process requirements. The pressure difference between clean rooms of different levels and between clean areas and non-clean areas should not be less than 5 Pa, and the pressure difference between the clean area and the outdoors should not be less than 10 Pa.
① Pressure difference of each clean room in the same clean area
In actual engineering, to determine the pressure difference of each clean room in the same clean area, the pressure of each clean room can be compared with the clean area corridor, with the pressure value of the clean area corridor as the benchmark. Because the clean area corridor runs through each clean room, the pressure difference between each clean room and the clean area corridor is determined, and the pressure difference between the clean rooms is also determined. The pressure values of all clean rooms are based on the pressure value of the clean area corridor, so there will be no confusion between the pressure difference values. For example, in a solid preparation workshop, the positive pressure value of the clean area corridor can be determined to be 18 Pa (0 Pa outside the clean area); the crushing room and weighing room have serious dust dispersion, and are generally connected to the clean area corridor through the antechamber. In order to prevent the airflow with high dust content in the room from spreading to other rooms through the corridor, the positive pressure value of the crushing room and weighing room can be determined to be 12 Pa, and the positive pressure value of the antechamber can be determined to be 15 Pa. In this way, the crushing room and weighing room are at negative pressure relative to the antechamber, and the antechamber is at negative pressure relative to the clean area corridor. The airflow flows from the clean area corridor to the antechamber, and from the antechamber to the crushing room and weighing room. The clean and dry equipment storage room is used to store washed and dried equipment. To avoid contamination, the positive pressure value of the room can be determined to be 21 Pa to prevent the airflow from the corridor from flowing into the room.
② Pressure difference between clean areas of different levels
To determine the pressure difference between clean areas of different levels, you can first determine the positive pressure of the clean room with a low cleanliness level, and then increase the base of the positive pressure value in sequence to determine the positive pressure of the clean room with a high cleanliness level. For example, the water injection workshop contains a 100,000-level clean area, a 10,000-level clean area, and a partial 100-level clean area. The positive pressure value of the corridor of the 100,000-level clean area is 18 Pa, so it is necessary to increase the overall positive pressure value of the 10,000-level clean area. In short, there should be a positive pressure difference of no less than 5 Pa between the adjacent rooms of the 10,000-level clean area and the 100,000-level clean area. There are rooms in the 100-level clean area in the 100-level clean area. For this, just increase the positive pressure of the rooms in the 100-level clean area.
③ Pressure difference in clean areas in special cases
Some pharmaceutical production workshops, such as soft capsule production workshops, have clean rooms with different relative humidity in the same clean area. For this, the relatively dry clean room should be controlled to be positively pressurized relative to the adjacent clean room to prevent wet air from flowing into the dry clean room. The production plant of highly allergenic drugs such as penicillin, and clean rooms with drug powder exposure such as filling rooms should maintain a relative negative pressure.
The purpose of controlling the pressure difference of each clean room in a pharmaceutical factory is to ensure that when the clean room is working normally or the balance is temporarily disrupted, the air can flow from the area with high cleanliness to the area with low cleanliness, so that the cleanliness of the clean room is not disturbed by polluted air. Clean room pressure difference control is an important part of the design of the purification air conditioning system of the clean room of a pharmaceutical factory, and it is an important measure to ensure the cleanliness of the clean area. The clean room pressure difference control chapter of the "Clean Room Design Specification" GB50073-2001 (hereinafter referred to as the "Clean Specification") includes 5 contents, all of which are clauses for clean room pressure difference control. Article 16 of the "Good Manufacturing Practice for Pharmaceuticals" (revised in 1998) requires that the clean area must have a device to indicate the pressure difference.
2. Determine the pressure differential air volume to maintain the pressure difference
The pressure differential air volume to maintain the positive pressure difference in each clean room in the clean area needs to be supplemented by outdoor fresh air. Therefore, the size of the positive pressure differential air volume in the clean room directly affects the fresh air ratio of the purification air conditioning system and the energy consumption of the purification air conditioning system. The pressure differential air volume to maintain the negative pressure difference in each clean room in the clean area penetrates into the clean room from the outside of the clean room. In many cases, it is the outdoor air that has not been purified. Therefore, the size of the negative pressure differential air volume in the clean room is directly related to the cleanliness of the negative pressure clean room. At present, the common methods for calculating the pressure differential air volume in the clean room are the gap method and the ventilation number method. The gap method is to estimate the pressure differential air volume of the clean room based on the total length of the gaps such as doors and windows in the clean room. However, in actual applications, the work of counting the number of gaps such as doors and windows is relatively cumbersome and prone to errors and omissions, and is currently less used. The ventilation number method is to estimate the pressure differential air volume of the clean room based on the number of ventilation times in the clean room. In actual engineering applications, this method has the advantages of simplicity, ease of operation, and high accuracy, and is a commonly used method. Article 6.2.3 of the Clean Specifications recommends the ventilation frequency method and proposes to select according to the following data: 1 to 2 times/hour when the pressure difference is 5 Pa, 2 to 4 times/hour when the pressure difference is 10 Pa. Other reference books also have recommended values, such as the Practical Heating and Air Conditioning Design Manual (hereinafter referred to as the Manual), which recommends 0.7 times/hour when the pressure difference is 4.9 Pa, and 1.2 times/hour when the pressure difference is 9.81 Pa. However, in actual applications, people have found that the data recommended by the Clean Specifications tend to be conservative, consume a large amount of pressure difference air volume, and are not economical; while the values recommended by the Manual are more appropriate. In actual projects, it is entirely possible to reduce the pressure difference air volume in the room by strengthening the air tightness of the clean room enclosure structure. According to the size of the pressure difference value of the clean room, the pressure difference should be selected according to the ventilation frequency of 1 to 2 times/hour.
The purpose of controlling the pressure difference of each clean room in a pharmaceutical factory is to ensure that when the clean room is working normally or the balance is temporarily disrupted, the air can flow from the area with high cleanliness to the area with low cleanliness, so that the cleanliness of the clean room is not disturbed by polluted air. Clean room pressure difference control is an important part of the design of the purification air conditioning system of the clean room of a pharmaceutical factory, and it is an important measure to ensure the cleanliness of the clean area. The clean room pressure difference control chapter of the "Clean Room Design Specification" GB50073-2001 (hereinafter referred to as the "Clean Specification") includes 5 contents, all of which are clauses for clean room pressure difference control. Article 16 of the "Good Manufacturing Practice for Pharmaceuticals" (revised in 1998) requires that the clean area must have a device to indicate the pressure difference.
3. Maintain constant pressure difference in clean rooms
The above-mentioned pressure difference value and pressure difference air volume in clean rooms are only theoretical values, which need to be realized by certain technical measures and facilities. In actual projects, there are many ways to control the pressure difference in clean rooms:
Under normal circumstances, there are many ways to adopt a constant air volume system, that is, first ensure that the clean room air supply volume is relatively constant, adjust the clean room return air volume or exhaust air volume, so as to control the clean room pressure difference air volume and maintain the clean room pressure difference value; you can also install a manual split multi-leaf regulating valve or butterfly valve on the clean room return (exhaust) air branch pipe to adjust the return (exhaust) air volume and control the indoor pressure difference. Its advantages are simple equipment and effectiveness.
The method of adjusting the pressure difference in the clean room during the commissioning of the air conditioning system has the disadvantage that when the pressure difference in the clean room deviates from the set value during the operation of the air conditioning system, it is more troublesome to adjust. This method is used in conjunction with other methods and is one of the common means of controlling the pressure difference in clean rooms in current projects.
Installing a damping layer (such as a single-layer non-woven fabric, stainless steel filter, aluminum alloy filter, nylon filter, etc.) at the return (exhaust) air outlet of the clean room can effectively ensure the positive pressure of the clean room, but the filter as the damping layer needs to be replaced frequently to prevent the positive pressure in the clean room from being too high.
Install a residual pressure valve on the partition wall of the adjacent room to control the positive pressure. Its advantages are simple and reliable equipment, and its disadvantages are that the residual pressure valve is relatively large in size, the ventilation volume is limited, it is not convenient to install, and it is not convenient to connect with the air duct, and it can only be installed in individual clean rooms.
Install an electric actuator system on the valve shaft of the return (exhaust) air branch regulating valve in the clean room, so as to form an electric regulating valve with the corresponding valve. According to the feedback of the clean room pressure difference value, fine-tune the valve opening, and automatically adjust the pressure difference in the clean room to return to the set value. This method is used to control the pressure difference in the clean room more reliably and accurately, and the control system cost is not high. It is widely used in engineering practice. The system can be installed on the return (exhaust) air branch regulating valve of the clean room or the typical clean room that needs to display the pressure difference.
Install Venturi air volume control valves on the air supply branch and return (exhaust) branch in the clean room. There are three types of Venturi valves: fixed air volume valves, which can provide stable air flow; bistable valves, which can provide two different air flow rates, namely maximum and minimum flow rates; variable air volume valves, which can control the air flow rate through closed-loop response to instructions and flow feedback signals in less than 1 second. Venturi valves are not affected by changes in duct pressure, have rapid responses (less than 1 second), and are precisely adjusted, but the equipment is relatively expensive and is suitable for use in some biological product production plants that require negative pressure control, toxic and biosafety laboratories (such as P3 biological laboratories), and other places. Because personal safety issues must be considered, the system pressure differential control must be high-precision and highly reliable. In this regard, by using constant air volume valves and bistable valves, the supply and exhaust air volumes of the clean room (or laboratory) can be strictly controlled, thereby forming a stable pressure differential air volume and controlling the pressure differential of the clean room (or laboratory) to be stable; using variable air volume valves to regulate the room so that the flow rate of the supply air duct valve tracks the flow rate of the exhaust air duct valve, a stable pressure differential air volume can be formed and the pressure differential of the clean room (or laboratory) can be controlled to be stable.
Dear customers and partners,
We sincerely invite you to attend the upcoming RHVAC 2024 exhibition in Bangkok! As a professional filter and cleanroom solution provider, we will showcase our latest air purification products to help you create a dust-free environment and improve the cleanliness of your workplace.
Exhibition information:
Date: 4-7 SEP 2024
Location: EH 98-100 BITEC,BANGKOK THAILAND
At this exhibition, we will show how to help various industries achieve stricter cleanliness standards through innovative and efficient filtration systems. We look forward to sharing our expertise with you and discussing how to provide customized solutions for your business.
Please arrange time to visit our booth and communicate with our team in depth. Looking forward to seeing you at the exhibition and moving towards a cleaner future together!
Best wishes
The electronic chip clean room is a special industrial building designed to effectively control key parameters such as air particle concentration, microbial count, temperature and humidity, air flow speed and air pressure in the workshop. The precise control of these conditions ensures the smooth progress of the production process and the high standard of product quality to meet the strict requirements of electronic chip manufacturing.
1. Equipment selection
1. Air treatment equipment
Air treatment equipment is one of the key factors in maintaining the cleanliness of the workshop. Its main function is to filter and purify pollutants in the workshop, and at the same time adjust parameters such as temperature, humidity and air pressure in the workshop to meet the requirements of production process and product quality.
2. Air shower room
The air shower room is an important equipment in the clean workshop, which is mainly used to remove dust, sterilize and purify personnel, materials and equipment entering the workshop. The electronic chip clean workshop should be equipped with an air shower room to reduce the entry of external dust, microorganisms and other pollutants into the workshop. The size and number of air shower rooms should be designed according to the actual situation of the workshop to ensure that it can meet the cleanliness requirements of the workshop.
3. Clean room dressing room
The clean room dressing room is an isolation area inside and outside the clean room. The staff needs to wear clean clothes, gloves, shoe covers and other protective equipment in this area to ensure that the personnel entering the clean room will not bring in external pollutants.
4. Air shower
The air shower is used to perform air showers on personnel entering the clean room to remove particles and bacteria that may be carried by the personnel and ensure the cleanliness of the workshop.
5. Air purifier
The air purifier can purify pollutants such as dust, bacteria, viruses, etc. in the workshop air to ensure the cleanliness of the workshop.
6. Temperature and humidity control system
The temperature and humidity control system can control parameters such as temperature, humidity and air pressure in the workshop to ensure that the workshop environment meets the requirements of production process and product quality.
2. HVAC system
1. Air conditioning system
The air conditioning system is the main HVAC equipment in the electronic chip clean workshop. Its function is to adjust parameters such as workshop temperature, humidity and air flow speed to maintain the cleanliness and comfort of the workshop.
2. Air supply system
The air supply system sends clean air from the air conditioning equipment into the workshop to form a relatively static air flow layer to maintain the cleanliness of the workshop.
3. Exhaust system
The exhaust system of the electronic chip clean workshop is one of the key equipment of the entire workshop. Its function is to exhaust pollutants in the workshop and maintain the cleanliness of the workshop.
At present, there are two main types of exhaust systems in the electronic chip clean workshop, namely local exhaust systems and global exhaust systems. The local exhaust system uses a single device to exhaust local process equipment, which can achieve higher air volume and static pressure, and is suitable for workshops with higher requirements for air cleanliness. The global exhaust system includes the entire workshop in the exhaust range, which is mainly used in occasions where the requirements for workshop temperature, humidity and cleanliness are not very high.
3. Decoration materials
When choosing decoration materials for electronic chip clean workshops, it is necessary to consider their impact on the clean environment, and also ensure that they have anti-static capabilities. It is recommended to choose anti-static floors, walls, ceilings and other materials.
For the corners of walls and floors, arc designs should be used to reduce dust accumulation.
4. Lighting design
In the lighting design of electronic chip clean workshops, lighting equipment with anti-static functions should be selected. It is recommended to use cold light sources or LED lamps to reduce heat radiation and heat dissipation. At the same time, it is also necessary to consider the uniformity and brightness of lighting to meet work needs.
5. Waste gas and wastewater treatment system
During the production process of the electronic chip clean workshop, a large amount of waste gas and wastewater will be generated. In order to ensure the cleanliness of the environment and ecological protection, a corresponding waste gas and wastewater treatment system must be configured. The waste gas treatment system mainly includes the exhaust system and the tail gas treatment system, and the wastewater treatment system mainly includes the sewage collection, pretreatment and treatment system.
6. Pure water system
A large amount of pure water is required in the production process of the electronic chip clean workshop, so a pure water system needs to be configured. The pure water system should include a pre-treatment system and a purification system to ensure that the supplied pure water can meet the production requirements of the workshop.
7. Gas supply system
A large amount of nitrogen, hydrogen and other gases are required in the production process of the electronic chip clean workshop, so a corresponding gas supply system needs to be configured. The gas supply system should include gas storage tanks, gas filtration, gas drying and other equipment to ensure the quality and stability of the supplied gas.
Present status of air filtration system in domestic pig farms
At present, domestic large-scale boar stations and original breeding pig farms are basically equipped with air filtration systems. Based on the fact that pig farm air filtration systems can keep the incidence of pigs in high-risk areas low, the industry has begun to pay attention to the air filtration epidemic prevention system.
Transmission routes of pathogens in animal husbandry
The main transmission routes are inter-field transmission and intra-field transmission. Almost all pathogens can be transmitted between fields through aerosols, mainly considering the pathogen load and meteorological conditions. As long as aerosols can be formed and are infectious, inter-field aerosol transmission can occur. Infection prevention is mainly to prevent inter-field transmission. Non-diffusion and detection and elimination are mainly to prevent intra-field transmission.
Viruses are transmitted in the form of vectors
Usually, the diameter of bioaerosol and dust particles is 0.3~5.0μm
SIV (swine influenza virus): 0.08μm-0.12μm
PRRSV (blue ear disease): 0.05μm-0.065μm
FMDV (oral disease virus): 0.022μm-0.03μm
PCV2 (porcine circovirus type I): 0.017μm-0.022μm
PRV (pseudorabies): 0.15μm-0.198μm
African swine fever: 0.175μm-0.2150μm
As can be seen from the above, the diameter of viruses is very small, but in general, viruses and bacterial pathogens can only be transmitted by attaching to carriers, mainly in the form of bioaerosols. The diameter of common dust particles or bioaerosols in nature is usually 0.3μm~5.0μm. Air filters can filter virus carriers, thereby playing a role in virus filtering.
Filtration principle
Air filters do not directly filter viruses or bacteria. What they actually filter are the transmission media of pathogens, namely dust particles or other aerosols. Pathogens themselves cannot spread through autonomous flight and need to be attached to a medium to spread. The diameter of this medium in nature is usually 0.3~1 micron, so air filters also filter these 0.3~1 micron particles to intercept bacteria-carrying particles.
At present, domestic large-scale pig farms are equipped with air filtration systems to filter particles attached with these viruses to reduce the risk of virus transmission.
Currently, common ventilation and filtration methods include negative pressure ventilation and filtration, positive pressure ventilation and filtration, and balanced ventilation and filtration. The choice of ventilation and filtration method depends on the level of air cleanliness required in the pig farm. At present, the negative pressure ventilation solution has good cooling effect and relatively economical energy consumption, which is adopted by most large-scale pig farms in China.
▶In the entire pig house air ventilation system, two or three layers of filters are installed on the outside of the air filter to clean the pig house production environment and isolate the invasion and cross infection of mosquitoes, flies and rats.
▶The boar house generally uses G4 coarse-effect filter + W-type high-efficiency air filter to form the main filter wall. The main filter wall blocks airborne pig farm pathogens, and the purification efficiency reaches L9. The long-term purification efficiency of 0.3μm aerosols or particles is greater than 95%.
▶The ceiling filter system is installed on the pig house ventilation window for ventilation of pig houses in low temperature seasons under negative pressure ventilation mode.
Cleanrooms are carefully designed, dedicated spaces with extremely low concentrations of airborne particles. Manufacturers of pharmaceuticals, electronic components, and other high-value, high-demand products produce and process them in cleanrooms to prevent contaminants from interfering with product performance. Airflow management plays a vital role in maintaining the efficient operation of cleanrooms, ensuring that air flows properly and cleanly, thereby protecting the integrity and reliability of the products.
01. Airflow Type
Airflow management professionals must choose among three types of airflow.
Unidirectional Systems
Unidirectional systems move air in one direction, usually vertically, but less often horizontally. Airflow moves when air from a FFU suspended from the ceiling blows into the exhaust system below. All inlets and outlets are arranged in parallel to ensure consistent airflow, minimizing the possibility of contaminants affecting the room.
Engineers must carefully design rooms to ensure the proper layout and reduce the possibility of insufficient airflow or turbulence, otherwise it will reduce the efficiency of equipment operation and thus reduce the effectiveness of contamination control. Using laminar airflow hoods in clean rooms can reduce turbulence. They are made of materials such as stainless steel and will not increase the number of particles in the environment due to shedding.
Inadequate airflow can cause dead zones or air pockets, where air moves too slowly and contaminants accumulate in them and may be transferred to critical equipment.
Non-unidirectional airflow management
While air in a unidirectional cleanroom setting flows in one direction, in rooms with non-unidirectional airflow management, air flows through multiple paths, some of which may include paths around objects. In addition, high turbulence, filtration, and circulation maintain the necessary cleanliness.
Non-unidirectional strategies often result in air forming vortex shapes, especially when clean air enters and mixes with existing air. While this involves filtration, air flow is also an important factor because its randomness and the amount of air passing through the filter prevent contaminants from exceeding safe levels.
Mixed
Some cleanrooms have critical areas (such as those associated with sensitive materials or components) where laminar flow hoods maintain unidirectional airflow. However, in the rest of the room, filters enable non-unidirectional airflow.
Engineers planning to design for mixed airflow should carefully study the user's situation and work tasks as well as other specific factors that affect the type and level of potential contaminants.
02. Airflow management depends on product requirements
Although people know the difference between these three airflow types, they must also choose the right airflow type based on the products produced in the environment. There are nine cleanroom cleanliness levels, each based on the level of particle contaminants allowed. Furthermore, each level is usually 10 times less than the level below.
For example, medical device and consumer electronics manufacturers most often choose Class 7 and Class 8 cleanrooms. Class 8 cleanrooms allow 100,000 particles per cubic meter of air, but the number allowed in a Class 7 environment is only 10,000.
Certain classes of cleanrooms also have specific must-have features. For example, cleanrooms of Class 7 or above must have a positive pressure inlet to stop particulate matter from spreading into the environment. In addition, all workers must enter a gowning room and wear necessary equipment before entering the controlled environment.
Once decision makers understand the specific cleanroom airflow requirements for their products, they should seriously consider using industrial monitoring equipment to verify that the environment is staying within the required parameters. It can also tell decision makers which production links will cause the most air quality challenges. This information can give them the information they need to take proactive action instead of facing a situation where contaminants are poorly controlled due to lack of awareness.
03. Industry conditions determine cleanroom airflow requirements
Those involved in maintaining proper cleanroom airflow must also understand industry details that may affect their work. For example, under the previous federal standard 209E framework, there were three fewer cleanroom classes. However, the United States and Canada now follow the requirements of ISO 14644-1. It expresses the decimal logarithm of particles 0.1 microns or larger per cubic meter of air. However, some cleanroom classes have additional details.
In a Class 7 cleanroom, the concentration of particles 0.5 microns or larger must be less than 352,000, and the number of particles 1-4 microns in the room must not exceed 83,200. The number of particles 5 microns and above must be less than 2,930.
Familiarity with specific industry standards and regulatory requirements is the best way to prioritize safety and prevent product recalls, fines, or other adverse consequences due to poor airflow management.
04. Technology can increase awareness and bring improvements
Airflow management professionals should also consider how technology can help them make strategic facility improvements. Monitoring sensors are great for day-to-day monitoring, but there are options that can help people make meaningful choices at other times.
Parties involved in the construction of a new plant or the upgrade of an existing one might use digital twin technology to test various options before finalizing a plan. This approach can avoid costly mistakes or incorrect assumptions about the type and location of filtration equipment or other details.
Or, people can conduct airflow visualization studies to verify that they are getting the desired results based on the cleanroom setup. These tests involve introducing smoke or fog into the environment perpendicular to the airflow. Auditors watch its movement to see if it stays or concentrates in specific areas. Related reports can tell managers whether their facilities are following airflow management best practices.
Exploring recent advances in cleanroom airflow is also valuable in showing people what’s possible. One example comes from a company whose solution does more than just keep the room within preset ventilation parameters. It makes real-time changes based on contamination fluctuations in the cleanroom. This approach saves money and reduces emissions by increasing ventilation in needed areas.
Maintaining proper cleanroom airflow is critical for production quality control, consumer safety, and compliance with regulatory requirements. People should understand the connections between changes in the facility that may affect airflow or contaminant levels and require specific actions to resolve the issue.
We are honored to announce that KLC has officially joined NAFA. This important milestone marks KLC's further development and commitment in the air purification industry.
The National Air Filtration Association (NAFA) brings together air filter and component manufacturers, sales and service companies, and HVAC and indoor air quality companies.
NAFA’s mission is “To be The Global Source for Expertise, Education and Best Practices in Air Filtration.” NAFA strives for this goal by sourcing the best minds in air filtration to create substantial and influential education for the industry.
As a new member, KLC is looking forward to the opportunity to share experiences with more industry experts, obtain the latest air purification industry trends, and participate in a wider network in the future.
Joining NAFA is not only a recognition of our team's efforts, but also our commitment to provide customers with higher quality services. We look forward to further enhancing our professional capabilities and creating greater value for our customers through this platform.
Thank you to all our customers and partners who support us. In the future, we will continue to work hard and strive for excellence.
From September 4 to 7, 2024, the 14th Bangkok RHVAC, a biennial event, hold at the Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Center. At that time, KLC presented HVAC series of Air filter and Equipment products at the exhibition.
The successful holding of the 2024 Bangkok RHVAC is not only a collision and integration of technical exchanges and cooperation, but also an in-depth exploration of future development trends. KLC is an air filter and air purification equipment enterprise intergrating R&D, production and sales to provide comprehensive and advanced clean air solutions and services for industries all over the world, and jointly promote the high-quality development of the refrigeration industry.
At the exhibition, KLC attracted the attention of many customers and partners with its innovative air filtration products and solutions. KLC business personnel combined on-site exhibits and video demonstrations to allow visitors to have a deep understanding of the application and installation of the filtration system.
The Bangkok RHVAC+E&E 2024 exhibition provides new opportunities for the future development of KLC. KLC will continue to be committed to technological innovation and market expansion to meet the growing needs of customers. We look forward to exploring the cutting-edge trends of the industry with more colleagues in the industry at future exhibitions, and jointly promoting progress in the field of HVAC! Thank you to all customers and partners who visited our booth, and thank you for your attention and trust in KLC.
Dear customers,
We sincerely invite you to visit KLC's booth! KLC will participate in the Cleanroom Exhibition held in Türkiye from October 23 to 25, 2024.At this event, you will have the opportunity to experience our latest cleanroom technologies and solutions. During BIOEXPO, ANALYTECH,BIOTECNICA, and PHARMANEXT Exhibition will be held simultaneously, where you can have in-depth exchanges with industry experts and explore opportunities for future cooperation.
Our Booth: Rumeli 1 Hall 101/B
Time: October 23 - 25, 2024
Location: Istanbul Lutfi Kirdar Exhibition Halls Rumeli 1 Hall
We will be showcasing the latest products and technologies at the exhibition, including cleanroom design, equipment and materials, as well as our rich experience in the industry. Looking forward to seeing you at the exhibition and working together to create a better future.
Best wishes,
KLC Team
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